Avengers: Endgame Makes History?

Avengers: Endgame Makes History?
By: Braden Kozlik

You’d be lying if you hadn’t heard about the new Avengers: Endgame movie that the world has been blowing up about. After the previous film, Avengers: Infinity War, left the world speechless on a cliffhanger, fans are on the edge of their seats for the next and final highly anticipated film. Don’t worry, there are no spoilers here, but it’s safe to say that the franchise has come to a tremendous finish. Let’s look at the film’s impact on the worldwide economy in just 3 short days and what this could mean for the future of Hollywood productions.

To begin, box office sales were an absolute success, breaking all kinds of single-day, weekend, domestic and international gross records. The weekend gross totaled $350 million, $156.7 of which came from opening day alone. Disney later announced Sunday morning that the film pulled in an estimated $1.209 billion worldwide in its opening weekend, easily smashing the record of $640.5 million, set by none other than the Avengers: Infinity War set just last year. Yeah sure, those are pretty big numbers to think about, but to take it into perspective, Disney was able to make back everything they spent to make and market the movie. According to Deadline, with the two largest movie markets, the U.S. and China, analysts expected Avengers: Endgame “will near cash break even” between the two countries, as of Sunday. This highlights not only the national recognition the film has been getting, but the international attention as well.

The iconic franchise has been leaving box office films in the dust for nearly a decade, but let’s take a look of how the film matches up with the other highest-grossing domestic opening weekend films. To no one's surprise, Endgame secures the number 1 spot, in large part because in just 5 days, (including its international release) it became the fastest movie ever to reach $1 billion in GDP. It also became the fastest to gross $100, $200, and $300 million at the domestic box office, with the film taking 1, 2, and 3 days, respectively, to hit each number.

With Avatar holding the record of $2.8 billion in box office sales, the franchise has only one record left to beat. But as we begin to approach the end of Week 1 since the release, how will the film keep up? According to Variety magazine, “Endgame will need a multiple of at least 2.2 times its debut to surpass the haul of Avatar.” The biggest second-weekend ever belongs to “Star Wars: The Force Awakens” with $149 million, marking a 39.8% decline in ticket sales, which adds yet another record to break. Ultimately, expect to maybe see a leftward shift in the aggregate demand curve because of a decrease in consumer spending as the Avenger’s hype begins to die down.

The numbers that Disney put up last weekend aren’t likely to be replicated any time soon. Considering the monstrous number of theaters Avengers: Endgame was released in throughout opening weekend, it's easy to see how it became possible for Endgame to break the records that it did to help the economy tremendously. But as we approach Week 2 since the film’s release, will the historic franchise continue to put up big numbers to pass Avatar’s record in box office sales or will they fall short?

Work Cited

D'Alessandro, Anthony, and Anthony D'Alessandro. “'Avengers: Endgame' Rests At $357M Opening Record; Eyes $33M Monday & Record $180M 2nd Frame; Weekend Biz Hits $401M High.” Deadline, 30 Apr. 2019, deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-opening-weekend-box-office-record-1202602445/.

Good, Owen S. “Avengers: Endgame Breaks Box Office Records with Massive $1.2 Billion Opening.” Polygon, Polygon, 28 Apr. 2019, www.polygon.com/2019/4/28/18521292/avengers-endgame-box-office-record-all-time-biggest.

Rubin, Rebecca, and Rebecca Rubin. “'Avengers: Endgame' Is Already a Box Office Juggernaut - How High Can It Climb?” Variety, 30 Apr. 2019, variety.com/2019/film/news/avengers-endgame-box-office-record-avatar-1203200349/.

Sobon, Nicole. “Avengers: Endgame Could Pass Avatar At Box Office.” CBR, CBR, 20 Apr. 2019, www.cbr.com/avengers-endgame-avatar-box-office/.

Climate Change’s Impact on the Economy

Climate Change’s Impact on the Economy
By Connor Neuman

Climate change has been a ongoing issue that seems to always be a headline in the news. However, over roughly the last 20 years, this issue has been becoming much more prominent. According to NASA, since the late 19th century, Earth’s average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit. Although some people may say that climate change is just a natural phenomenon that the Earth goes though, it is actually strongly driven by human activity and things are only going to get worse to not only our environment, but also the economy if we don’t do anything to stop it right now.

As I mentioned before, the Earth’s surface temperature has been steadily increasing over the course of history. It was just discovered that these temperatures are only getting hotter and hotter in recent years. According to NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration analytics, “Earth's global surface temperature in 2018 was the fourth warmest since 1880” (NASA). Additionally, 5 of the hottest years on record have been since 2010. It is clear to see that temperatures has been rising and show no sign of slowing down. Why is this happening? The simple answer is just a dramatic increase in human activity. Enormous amounts of greenhouse gases are being released into the atmosphere, forcing the Earth’s temperature to rise. This severely impacts the economy in several ways. The biggest impact is mostly on the agriculture industry. Farmers won’t be able to grow crops with the extreme heat creating a food shortage for the entire nation. Not only will this will force us to heavily rely on imported food, but we also lose out on $133 billion worth of exports in this industry (CNN Money).

Due to these increasing temperatures, the Earth itself has been altered a number of different ways. One of the most impactful changes is the change in weather patterns. In the past 15 years the U.S. has experienced some of the most destructive hurricanes such as hurricane Michael, Katrina, and Harvey to name a few. Hurricane Harvey slammed Houston, Texas back in August, 2017 causing damage worth 125 billion dollars becoming the second most costly hurricane in U.S. history behind Katrina which happened in 2005. Unfortunately, NASA is predicting that these storms are only going to get worse. “Currently accepted climate models project that with a steady increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (1 percent per year), tropical ocean surface temperatures may rise by as much as 4.8 degrees Fahrenheit (2.7 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century. The study team concludes that if this were to happen, we could expect the frequency of extreme storms to increase by as much as 60 percent by that time” (NASA). This proves that it is crucial that something has to be implemented to prevent climate change because our government and economy simply can not handle these insane costs that hurricanes and natural disasters cause. Other areas in the economy that need funding will have to be stopped in order to repair the damages from the storms.

Another effect from the increasing temperatures is the melting ice caps in both the arctic and antarctic. Between 1993 and 2016, Greenland has lost an average of 281 billion tons of ice per year while Antarctica lost about 119 billion tons during the same time period. Additionally, the rate of Antarctica ice mass loss has tripled in the last decade. All of this melting ice is now causing ocean levels to rise which could possibly be the most significant effect of them all. According to GlobalChange.gov, “Global average sea level has risen by about 7–8 inches (about 16–21 cm) since 1900 , with about 3 of those inches (about 7 cm) occurring since 1993.” Although these number may not seem very impactful, we are already seeing problems occurring due to the rising water. Miami for example is already having a increase in flooding which has forced them raise the roads so they won’t get permanently flooded.  This not so simple task cost a grand total of $500 million. In addition to that, at the current rate of rising sea levels, the roads will have to be raised again in 30 years costing another $500 million. Now this is just the impact that rising sea levels has on Miami. Rising sea levels has endless amounts of affect across the world. In most cases, it is just flooding that coastal cities has to deal with, but eventually, the flooding will become such a big issue that it will become permanent.

In sum, it is clear to see that climate change is happening and that is it a problem that will not fade away on its own. It is man made so we are the only people that can solve it. If nothing is done soon in the future, efforts to prevent climate change will become much more difficult, or even near to impossible and our economy and environment will be in jeopardy.

Works Cited

“2018 Fourth Warmest Year in Continued Warming Trend, According to NASA, NOAA – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet.” NASA, NASA, 8 Feb. 2019, climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/.

“Climate Change Evidence: How Do We Know?” NASA, NASA, 5 Feb. 2019, climate.nasa.gov/evidence/.

Harris, Alex. “Keep Raising Roads, Experts Tell Miami Beach, but Explain It to Residents Better.” Miamiherald, Miami Herald, 19 Sept. 2018, www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article217984100.html.

“New List of the Costliest U.S. Hurricanes Includes 2017's Harvey, Irma, Maria.” The Weather Channel, The Weather Channel, weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2018-01-29-americas-costliest-hurricanes.

“USGCRP Indicator Details.” GlobalChange.gov, www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/global-sea-level-rise.

“Warming Seas May Increase Frequency of Extreme Storms – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet.” NASA, NASA, 28 Jan. 2019, climate.nasa.gov/news/2837/warming-seas-may-increase-frequency-of-extreme-storms/.

Yes. “These Are the Top US Exports.” CNNMoney, Cable News Network, money.cnn.com/2018/03/07/news/economy/top-us-exports/index.html.

Saving our Earth can Better our Economy

Saving our Earth, Can Better our Economy
By: Gabi Natalizio

We talk a lot about how we can save our planet, from following basic recycling procedures, to reducing the use of plastic straws. However, these small steps can’t have as big of an impact if we don’t all work together. For years we have been relying on our government and other environmental groups to pull the weight in saving the Earth, but despite their best efforts we continue to see our environment worsen.

Back in 1972, the first global conference on human environment took place and concluded the economic acceleration has been moving faster than the environment ministers are able to protect our planet (weforum.org). Don’t get me wrong, having a fast past economy is not a total loss, however losing our resources to keep up with the protection of our world does come as a bad thing. The movement since then has been working in attempt to build up our environment protection to match the pace of our economy, and this revolution continues to be in work today. In collaboration with shaping both our economy and environment, the “Sustainable Development Impact Summit” are binding businesses to a common purpose of reaching earth and economy targets by creating smart, clean industrial production throughout companies nationwide.


Through this new development, we boost our economy by creating more technological advanced software for companies that have been creating high pollution and other unfriendly environment factors. These advancements not only create new opportunities for job placement, but also contribute to our GDP growth and increasing our market share with other countries. From an economic standpoint, building new and stronger connections with other countries allows more opportunities for trading of other resources we may not have as accessible. Also, when these developments show a strong environmental increase in our country, we can hopefully continue to expand through to other countries to once again rebuild our Earth as a whole. Yes, these products can help improve the United States but it is even more impactful if we can sell to other countries giving a larger benefit for everyone.

For years we have lived through the misconception that building our economy means killing our planet or vice versa. However, what has recently been recognized is that we are able to improve both factors at the same time. In some economies the internet accounts for 3.4% of overall GDP (weforum.org). Having an advancement in not only our technology but also in a way to improve our environment is projected to boost the GDP substantially. The Sustainable Development Impact Summit says, “by unleashing these new forms of innovation, which are intent on delivering the global targets and unlocking new, sustainable forms of economic value on the way, we can save the Earth by 2030” (weforum.org). Now that is one goal I believe we can all get on board with. Saving our Earth? Yes. While ALSO improving our economy? Absolutely. With that in mind, continue to recycle and reduce your plastic use, but just know there are bigger plans set to make the difference us individuals can’t make alone.



Works Cited
Juniper, Tony. “Why the Economy Needs Nature | Tony Juniper.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 9 Jan. 2013, www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/jan/09/economy-nature.

Kvochko, Elena. “Five Ways Technology Can Help the Economy.” World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org/agenda/2013/04/five-ways-technology-can-help-the-economy/.

US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “What Can I Do to Protect Coral Reefs?” NOAA's National Ocean Service, 10 Aug. 2009, oceanservice.noaa.gov/ocean/earthday.html.

Waughray, Dominic Kailash Nath, et al. “We Can Save the Earth. Here's How.” World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/we-can-save-the-earth-heres-how/.

Should Gas Prices be Lowered?

Should Gas Prices be Lowered?

By Taylor Weisensel

People spend about $2,000 a year to fill up their gas tanks. Not only that, but the price of gas is always changing. For example, one day I passed Kwik Trip and the price  for gas was about $2.75 a gallon and then the next time I passed Kwik Trip, it was about $2.99 a gallon. We also hear our parents talk about how gas was about 50 cents a gallon when they were kids; so, we can see how much the price of gas has varied throughout the years. With that being said, gas prices should be lowered and stay at the same price and not vary between different prices.

One reason gas prices should be lowered is because it affects the supply and demand of the gas company. According to a website called “Eia”, “factors on the supply-side that affect prices include natural gas production, net imports, and underground storage levels. Increases in supply tend to pull prices down, while decreases in supply tend to push prices up.” The reason gas stations up their prices is because of the decrease in supply of gas. there’s so many gas companies there shouldn’t be a problem with being able to supply gas. In order to keep gas at a lower rate, we need to have gas companies keep on supplying gas so that the price of gas doesn’t increase.

From the graph on the right, we can see that gas prices have increased throughout the years and then started to slowly decrease. This is due to the fact that there was a lot of gas supplied in the earlier years because there wasn’t as many drivers out on the roads. We see in 2012 that the prices increased the most and that was because there was a lack of supply in gas, but then they got more supply years after and the prices started to drop again.

Another reason why gas prices should be lowered is because it's something that everyone who drives a car relies on. If they run out of gas and they can’t afford more, how will they get places? According to “Debate.Org”, gas prices should be lowered because as a nation that depend on gas on a daily basis, it's important to keep the cost reasonable. That just ensures that everyone is able to afford gas.

Prices should also be lowered because people feel that they are wasting their money on gas and it isn’t allowing them to be able to pay for other necessities that they need to live. According to “Debate.Org”, someone said that gas should be lowered because people spend too much money on gas, which make it a bit harder for them to buy food and rent. Some families already struggle to put food on the table for their family and provide them with shelter, let alone having to spend 2,000 dollars on gas annually. If gas could be free, that would save so many people money, but it can’t be because then the people working at those gas companies wouldn't earn a profit. However, they can work to make gas a reasonable price so people aren’t spending 2,000 dollars on gas every year.

Overall, gas prices should be lowered because there’s enough gas to be supplied to keep it at a lower price. It also should be lowered because it's something that everyone who has a car needs to use, so it's is a necessity for those who do have cars and people shouldn’t have to pay large amounts for things that are necessities.

Works Cited
Bradford, Harry, and Harry Bradford. “How Much Americans Spend On Gas Every Year [GRAPHIC].” HuffPost, HuffPost, 4 Mar. 2012, www.huffpost.com/entry/gas-prices-infographic_n_1316919.

Folger, Jean. “How Gas Prices Affect The Economy.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 12 Mar. 2019, www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0511/how-gas-prices-affect-the-economy.aspx.

“U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” What Are the Major Factors Affecting Natural Gas Prices? - FAQ - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=43&t=8.

“Should Gas Prices Be Lowered?” Should Gas Prices Be Lowered? | Debate.org, www.debate.org/opinions/should-gas-prices-be-lowered.

How will the Notre Dame Cathedral Fire Affect the French Economy?

How Will the Notre Dame Cathedral Fire Affect the French Economy?
By: Rudrani Suttar

 Earlier this week, one of France’s most popular historical destinations, the Notre Dame, caught on fire. After the flames were extinguished, the Notre Dame lost its iconic spire, over 100 meters of original wooden detailing, and hundreds of years of history, architecture, religion, and art. Though it is easy to see the sentimental loss caused by the fire, what will the impact of this tragedy be upon the French economy?

Notre Dame is one of Europe’s most popular tourist destinations, bringing in around twelve million tourists a year. By being such an important tourist attraction, it stood as one of the most important destinations for many small businesses around the cathedral. Due to the fire, the cathedral will most likely be closed to the public, strongly affecting those surrounding small businesses by a decrease in consumer spending at those smaller businesses. There will be a decrease in consumer spending because the effect of the cathedral closing will limit the number of tourists entering the area. Conversely, the change will most likely be minimal as the cathedral is located near various other tourist destinations such as the Sainte-Chapelle.

Though this tragedy may negatively affect the small businesses surrounding the Notre Dame Cathedral, the fire may have positive effects on the fire safety industry as well as industries focusing on structural engineering. Due to the fire, caretakers of historical artifacts will shift their focus to preventing such a tragedy from happening again, affecting innovation regarding fire safety. To further prevent an atrocity such as this from happening again, there will be more of a demand for structural engineers to find ways to reinforce historical landmarks to guard against disasters. Such a demand may increase the job demand for engineers and strengthen job security for currently employed engineers. There will also be a demand for workers in the trades and historians, as the rebuilding of Notre Dame will require many more workers to restore the building to historical accuracy.

Though an increase in jobs may be a positive effect of the fire, the cost of rebuilding will offset it greatly. French president Emmanuel Macron has stated that the Notre Dame will be rebuilt in the next five to six years. This will be a very expensive undertaking, but has already received pledges of aid from various major corporations. “Francois-Henri Pinault, whose Artemis holding company owns a controlling stake in Kering, pledged 100 million euros ($113 million), while Bernard Arnault, chair of LVMH, gave 200 million euros,” (CNBC). Many other corporations such as Disney, Apple, and Air France, have pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to help rebuild the famous cathedral. Though tragic, this event has managed to unite the great corporations of France and form a source of societal connection across the world.



Works Cited
Handley, Lucy, and Isabel Soisson. “Apple Joins French Firms in Pledging Millions to Rebuild Notre Dame after Fire.” CNBC, CNBC, 16 Apr. 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/04/16/notre-dame-fire-louis-vuitton-and-gucci-owners-give-over-300-million.html.

Hickey, John, and John Hickey. “Notre Dame Fire like the Burning of the Library of Alexandria, Historian Says.” Berkeley News, 17 Apr. 2019, news.berkeley.edu/2019/04/15/notre-dame-fire-a-loss-to-the-french-that-americans-cant-completely-visualize/.

Oliver, David. “Notre Dame Cathedral: What You Need to Know If You're Planning to Visit Paris.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 17 Apr. 2019, www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2019/04/16/notre-dame-cathedral-paris-tourist-information/3482294002/.

“Rebuilding Notre Dame Cathedral: Heart-Breaking Costs of a Catastrophic Fire.” CCN, 16 Apr. 2019, www.ccn.com/cost-rebuilding-notre-dame-cathedral-catastrophic-fire.

“Travel Industry Reacts to Notre Dame Cathedral Fire.” TravelPulse, www.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/travel-industry-reacts-to-notre-dame-cathedral-fire.html.

Valle, Gaby Del. “Notre Dame Is One of Paris's Most Visited Landmarks. Here's What the Fire Could Mean for the City.” Vox, Vox, 16 Apr. 2019, www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/4/16/18410667/notre-dame-fire-paris-tourism.

Brexit

Brexit
Written by: Tommy M.

The fight over Brexit has cost the Prime minister her job, created intense political divisions within the country, and has undermined Britain's reputation with the E.U. as well as the rest of the world. The U.K. made the decision to leave the E.U. in a referendum held in 2016 and now parliament is trying to figure out the best way to go about the exit without hurting the Economy. Hard brexiteers believe that the U.K. should crash out of the E.U. with no transition period and no cushioning. The evidence is clear however that a hard brexit would devastate the economy and cause massive turmoil.

To understand Brexit we first have to understand what the E.U. is and why the U.K. leaving is such a big deal. The E.U. is an economic and political partnership made up of mostly European countries that formed following WW2. The original goal was to intertwine markets and allow countries to easily trade amongst each other as they would then be less likely to go to war. It has slowly morphed to become a single market which means that goods and services can move around Europe as if it were one Country.

The big concern for the U.K. is that leaving the E.U. without a transition plan would cause tariffs on imports into the U.K., and would disrupt the flow of imports causing shortages of food and medicine. To put it bluntly; a no deal brexit, that is a brexit without a transition plan, would spell disaster for the Country. 

U.K. industries that rely on exports would see a significant loss in business caused by an increase in tariffs on goods being exported to other E.U. countries. The Foreign auto industry, for example, is a large part of the UK's economy however brexit would cause the price of exporting these vehicles to skyrocket leading to a higher price tag.

Imports would also see an increase in tariffs as well as new regulations on goods and services which would mean imports would have to pass more tests and take longer to get into the country. In the short run, the government fears this would cause shortages of food, specifically fresh produce, and medicine. 

To negate these effects, those who oppose a hard brexit have offered to negotiate a permanent customs union with the E.U. after brexit. This would allow the U.K. to regain control of its trade policies while also ensuring that there would be no shortages of food or medicine, and would ensure employment doesn’t significantly decrease.

Moving forward it is impossible to know which route the U.K. will decide to take. However it is very clear which route is the safest bet for their economy. Most experts and economists have endorsed a soft brexit for the simple reason that a hard brexit would clearly devastate the U.K.

Should the Fed Try to Prevent the Next Recession?

Should the Fed Try to Prevent the Next Recession?
Grace Kaderavek

The U.S. economy is continuing to thrive; the unemployment rate remains low at 3.8% while the CPI is a mere 0.4 (“United States”). This means consumers and producers are confident and our economy is growing. However, many economists are predicting that a recession could strike at any time because of where we are in the business cycle. With “the economy on track to grow at its fastest pace since 2005,” the U.S. is clearly in the expansion phase, also shown on the graph to the right; this means we could potentially hit a peak soon, leading to an eventual downturn (Chokshi). With this possibility in mind, should the Fed begin precautionary measures to prevent a future recession? Or should monetary policy be used only when an economic downturn has actually begun?

The first thing to consider when thinking about preventative measures is that just because we are growing now, does not mean that the growth has to end anytime soon. In fact, Dr. Stevenson, an economics expert, claims that expansionary periods have no time limit and recessions only occur when there is a shock to the economy (Chokshi). Therefore, people may simply be crying wolf when it comes to the idea of a recession in the very near future. This is especially true because “the lowest unemployment rate in 50 years has forced companies to boost wages and benefits” over the last few quarters (Bartash). These increases, in turn, lead to increased consumer spending and continued prosperity in the U.S. economy. None of these indicators, time or consumer confidence, therefore point to the economy being on the brink of a downturn.

Even so, the idea of a recession cannot be entirely discounted. Before the last two recessions the household wealth and income ratio greatly increased, as the numbers became a lot closer. As shown in the graph to the left, the distance between the two curves is currently decreasing steadily, which may point to another recession in the near future; however, it must also be acknowledged that there have been times in the past when the curves intersect and no recession occured, as seen in July of 2005 (Elizald). Therefore, it is difficult to determine how much weight this ratio actually holds in predicting recessions, and if it should be used to justify preventative monetary policy.
When taking all of this into account, it becomes very clear that predicting a recession can be nearly impossible. A New York Times Article discussing the possibility of a recession readily admits that, in general, the Fed and legislators are notoriously bad at determining when an economic downturn will hit (Chokshi). While the two can effectively remedy a recession through monetary and fiscal policy respectively, it is nearly impossible to actually prevent one. This difficulty is not only because of lack of awareness however. Preventing a recession is difficult now especially because interest rates have not reached their pre-Great Recession levels; this means that they cannot, at this point, be significantly lowered to stimulate growth. Additionally, if precautions were put into place, consumer confidence will fall. If U.S. citizens feel as if another recession is on the way, it may actually cause a recession or act as a catalyst for one. This is because consumers, as well as companies, will act according to future expectations; therefore, undertaking expansionary policy may be the worst choice for the government or the Fed to make at this point in the business cycle.

Taking all of this into account, I do not believe it is in the economy’s best interest to use preventative monetary or fiscal policy. Once a recession does hit, it is then the Fed’s and the government’s responsibility to step in; until then, the U.S. should continue to enjoy its economic boom without worrying about a downturn that could occur in a matter of months or years.

Watch this video for more information about the next U.S. recession, and when the experts predict it will happen.

Works Cited

Bartash, Jeffry. “Economy Stumbled out of the Gate in Early 2019 but Finished Stronger, GDP to Show.” MarketWatch, 22 Apr. 2019, www.marketwatch.com/story/the-us-economy-wasnt-so-bad-in-the-first-quarter-after-all-gdp-likely-to-show-2019-04-22.

Chokshi, Niraj. “What Is a Recession, and Why Are People Talking About the Next One?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 17 Dec. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/business/economy/what-is-recession-facts-history.html.

Elizalde, Raul. “Another Warning That A 2019 Recession Is Coming.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 18 Dec. 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/raulelizalde/2018/12/17/another-warning-that-a-2019-recession-is-coming/#7124694ed8f3.

“United States Economy at a Glance.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov/eag/eag.us.htm.